RESUMO
Abstract Objectives Our study aimed to verify the evidence of auditory training employed in the audiological treatment of tinnitus in adults and older adults. Methods Scoping review based on a search for articles in journals available in MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), LILACS (BVS), and Cochrane Library. Titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were assessed by peers, following the eligibility criteria; they were afterward read in full text, and the references were hand searched in the results found. Studies' level of evidence was classified into very high (Level A+), high (Level A), moderate (Level B), limited (Level C), low (Level D), or very low (Level D−) based on the Critically Appraised Topics. Results 2160 records were identified in the searching stage and 15 studies were eligible for data extraction. Study design, sample characterization, auditory training tasks, sound stimuli, outcome measures, and results were extracted. Frequency discrimination training was the most frequent strategy, followed by auditory attentional skills training and multisensory training. Almost all studies with daily auditory training sessions reported significant benefits demonstrated in at least one outcome measure. Studies that used auditory discrimination training and attentional auditory skill stimulation to treat tinnitus obtained quality evidence levels ranging from limited to high (C‒A) and studies that applied multisensory training or attentional training combined with counseling and passive listening in tinnitus patients reached a high-quality evidence level (A). Conclusion Recent studies had higher levels of evidence and considered attentional factors and multisensory pathways in auditory training strategies.
RESUMO
A prova calórica é uma importante ferramenta na avaliação da função labiríntica. OBJETIVO: Comparar o nistagmo pós-calórico da prova com ar a 50ºC e 24ºC com o da prova com água a 44ºC e 30ºC. Desenho científico: Estudo clínico cruzado randomizado. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: 40 indivíduos hígidos submetidos à avaliação da função vestibular incluindo a prova calórica com ar a 50ºC e 24ºC e com água a 44ºC e 30ºC. RESULTADOS: À comparação das provas com ar e com água, não houve diferença significante entre os valores da velocidade angular da componente lenta (VACL) do nistagmo pós-calórico quanto à ordem de realização das estimulações, entre as orelhas e entre os valores de predomínio labiríntico e de preponderância direcional. Os valores da VACL foram maiores nas estimulações com água (p = 0,008; p < 0,001) e a temperatura fria evocou respostas mais intensas (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: À comparação entre as provas com ar a 50ºC e 24ºC e com água a 44ºC e 30ºC, observam-se valores de velocidade da componente lenta similares em ambas as orelhas, maiores na temperatura fria e na prova com água e resultados semelhantes de predomínio labiríntico ou de preponderância direcional do nistagmo pós-calórico em ambas as provas.
The caloric test is an important tool for the assessment of labyrinthine function. OBJECTIVE: To compare the nystagmus response in the caloric tests with air at 50ºC and 24ºC and with water at 44ºC and 30ºC. Study Design: Randomized crossover clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 healthy individuals were submitted to a neurotological evaluation, including caloric tests with air at 50ºC and 24ºC and water at 44ºC and 30ºC. RESULTS: Comparing the air and water caloric tests, there were no significant differences among the post-caloric nystagmus slow-phase velocity in relation to the stimulation order, between ears and between the values of unilateral weakness and directional preponderance. The slow-phase velocity values were higher with water (p = 0.008, p < 0.001), and cold stimulation produced stronger responses (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Comparing 50ºC and 24ºC air caloric test and 44ºC and 30ºC water caloric test, we observed similar slow-phase velocity values for both ears, higher responses in the cold temperature and in the test with water, and similar results of unilateral weakness or directional preponderance for post-caloric nystagmus in both tests.